英语详解否定 _生活百科

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否定(英语详解)【英语详解否定】否定，增添词缀，即前缀或后缀，使原来的词由肯定意义化为否定意义。
基本介绍中文名：否定
外文名：Prefixes and suffixes
用法：增添词缀，即前缀或后缀
所属：语言
前缀和后缀（Prefixes and suffixes）增添词缀，即前缀或后缀，使原来的词由肯定意义化为否定意义。常用的否定前缀有ab- / dis- / il- / ill- / im- / in- / ir- / mis- / non- / un-等，否定后缀有-less / -free等，例如：--It is abnormal for him to walk in his sleep. （梦游症）--This will disqualify （使…没有资格） him from taking part in the game.--The ship was leaky （漏） and very much disabled.--Your remark is ill-timed.--Every word he said was impossible of belief.--The new evidence has completely invalidated（使…站不住脚）his theory.--To be afraid of the number 13 is irrational.--He bore （忍受） his misfortunes bravely.--On the sea there were fleets of nondescript ships—converted yachts,riverboats,tugs and barges. （在海上有成批的无法归类的船只——改装的游艇、河里的小船、拖船和驳船。）--Such criticism is meaningless.--The cause of the accident remains unknown to us.--Water is incompatible （不相容）with fire.--She is getting impatient.--The method of working is useless.--She is reckless of consequence. （她是不顾后果的。）--She dislikes being spoken to like this.--The sea is ice-free.--He bought two bottles of wine at the duty-free （免税） shop.上述否定词缀一般都表示否定，但是有时有些否定词缀（前缀，后缀）并不表示否定。例如：--Thank you for your invaluable （宝贵的） help.--That nurse was indifferent （冷漠） to the sufferings of the patients.--Oil is inflammable. （油容易燃烧。）--Something seems to have unloosed her tongue.（不知什幺事情使她说个没完。）--Styles come and go,but good taste is timeless.（风格随时在变，而风雅是永恆的。）--He’s a shameless （无耻） liar.--Works of art,historical monuments and priceless history records were ruthlessly destroyed. （艺术品、历史上遗留下来的纪念品以及珍贵的历史文献惨遭破坏。）注意：英语中的前缀in-,un-通常表示“不”或“…的相反”的含义，因此由其构成的派生词一般具有否定的意义。然而，有些由这两个前缀构成的派生词并非有否定的意义，而与词根同义或近义。着名学者周海中教授在《in-,un-不一定表示“否定”》一文中就举了若干个例子，如：coming/incoming（来到），habit/inhabit（居住于），loose/unloose（解开，释放），rip/unrip（撕开）等。这类派生词虽然不多，但值得注意，勿望词生义。副词有些副词本身形式上是肯定，但是具有否定的性质，因此不要再用否定词去加强这类词。如：hardly,seldom,scarcely,rarely,little等。这些词一旦出现，则表示整个句子的意思接近完全否定，称之为几乎否定。副词hardly和scarcely的意思等同于almost not或almost no 。例如：--They scarcely/hardly seem to care.--It is hardly/scarcely right.--Hardly anyone wants the job. (Quirk.)--I can barely speak to any of my colleagues.注意：hardly/scarcely和not 一样，可以与不定惯词a，不定代词any以及副词yet和ever等搭配。例如：--They hardly have any friends.--He hardly ever leaves his office before twelve o’clock.--He had hardly a penny left.--They can hardly have got there yet.要否定某件事时，使用包括否定词not （或n’t），no,nothing,nowhere等的否定句。句子中否定词后面的部分叫否定範围。这部分就是需要否定的内容。否定範围可以包括，也可以不包括句尾的状语。例如：--He definitely hasn’t taken the job. (It’s definite that he hasn’t）句中definitely一词在否定範围以外。--He hasn’t definitely taken the job. (It’s not definitely that he has）句中的definitely则在否定範围以内。--They weren’t at home/for the whole day.--(For the whole day,they weren’t at home.)--They weren’t at home for the whole day.--(It’s not true that they were at home for the whole day.)在否定範围内要使用any型词，如any,yet和ever,anyone,anything,anywhere,at all,either 。但在否定词后也可以使用some型词。如some,already,sometimes,somebody,something,somewhere,some-time,already,somewhat,somehow,too （表增加的副词），但这些词在否定範围之外。因此在否定範围之内的any型词与在否定範围之外的some型词所表达的意思是不同的。例如：--I didn’t attend any of the lectures (I attended none of the lectures).--We haven’t had dinner yet.--I didn’t attend some of the lectures (There were some lectures that I didn’t attend).否定词的一般作用就是使带否定词的句子变成否定。这就意味着带not的否定句的某些特点，也适用于其他否定词1）否定词后面一般不用some类词而用any类词，这是由some类词和any类词的语法特徵所决定的。some一般用于肯定陈述句，any一般用于yes-no问句和否定词后面。例如：--I seldom get any sleep after the baby wakes up.--I’ve spoken to hardly anyone who disagrees with me on this point.否定词在句首时，主语和功能词位置要颠倒，也就是说，语序是功能词 + 主语（除非否定词包括在主语之内）。在否定句中，any类词不只跟在not或n’t后面，也跟在nobody，no,scarcely等其他否定词后面。Hardly/scarcely与不定代词anybody,anyone,anything并列在一起，相当于almost not a 或almost not one 的意思。--Hardly/Scarcely anybody believes that.--I hardly/scarcely saw anything.副词seldom和rarely是not often 的意思。例如：--I seldom get any sleep.--Living as they do in a remote （偏远的） village,they rarely have visitors.2）never为否定词，only在某种程度上也是一个否定词。当only强调錶示主语的名词词组时，可与any连用。例如： --I have never seen such a device.--I never said such a thing.--Only two of us had any experience in sailing.注意：never在句中的位置和not相同，但如果never的位置放置不同，句意就不同。例如：--He never intended to use the method. （他从来没想使用这种方法。）--He intended never to use the method.（他想从此不再使用这种方法了。）以上1）和2）中的否定或有否定含义的副词时常放在陈述句首，以表示强调，而其后所用的词序用倒装语序。--Rarely does crime pay so well as many people think.--Scarcely ever has the British nation suffered so much.--Little did I expect such enthusiasm from so many. (Crowell)Only强调的句首部分不是主语部分时，其后所用的词序有时可用倒装，也可以不用倒装。例如：--Only his mother will he obey.比较：--Only his mother he will obey. =It’s only his mother that he will obey. (Quirk)--Only on Sundays do they eat with their children. (only修饰状语on Sundays)3）可以用来表示否定意义的副词还有down,off,otherwise,out,vainly等。例如：--He is down in health. （他身体欠佳。）--We have the afternoon off on Saturdays. （我们星期六下午不工作。）--He stood still,trying vainly to answer my question.（他愣愣的站着，回答不出我的问题。）--The Labour Party was out (of power). （工党不掌权了。）介词有一部分介词可使用在排除否定句中，即：一个句子里有二个部分：一部分肯定，另一部分被否定；反过来也是这样，这种否定句称为排除否定句。例如：--We all went but him.此句中被否定的是“他” 。--We all did not go but him.此句中的“他”处于谓语动作的否定之外。这两句都属于排除否定句。but 是介词，表示“除……外” 。相当于but的还有except,excepting,barring,except for,with the exception of,but for等。例如：--He could answer all the questions but one. --There was nothing in the desk but a few pencils.--Nobody knew it but me.--It snowed everywhere yesterday but in the South.--Who but he would do such a thing?--All the items were discussed exclusive of （除……外） the last two.--They passed with the exception of （除……之外） three.--The meeting will be held next Tuesday barring unforeseen factors （如无意外情况）.--I looked everywhere except there.--He desired nothing except (to) see cherry trees.--I looked for the book everywhere except in the laboratory （实验室）.--The screen was all dark save for （除了） one bright spot.注意：but作介词时相当于except （除……之外）。主要用在all,no- body,nothing,who,where…… 等之后（参见以上例句）。except; except for和but for三者意思不一样，用法也不一样。except 作“除……之外”解，表示被排除的人或事与句中列举的人或事物属于同一种类。例如：--We all succeeded except Xiao Li.except for 作“除……外，只是……”解，表示被排除的人或物不属同一类。句子说明基本情况后，由except for引出的人或物对基本状况作表异议的补充说明。例如：--The hall is empty except for a man on duty.but for 作“要不是……”解，相当于一个条件状语结构。例如：--But for air and water,nothing could live.有些介词，暗含否定性概念，这类介词有above,beneath,beyond,from,again,behind,below,without,beside,besides,but,inside,out-side,over,under,off,past等。例如：--To be vain of one’s rank or place is to show that one is below it.（凡因自己的地位而觉得了不起的人，就表明他不配有这样的地位。）--He is above playing tricks on others. （他不至于捉弄他人。）--Almost everything was against him.--That’s all beside the point （不关正题）. --He is anything but （决不是） a scholar.--They are under ten years of age （不满10岁）.--To my mind,his integrity is above suspicion.（在我看来，他的廉洁是不容置疑的。）--The book is above me. （这本书我读不懂。）--This kind of thing is beneath attention （不值得注意）.--The scene after the earthquake was beyond description.--She only just refrained （克制） from giving a cry.--Everyone was invited to the party besides me （除我之外）.--We have been without rain for a long time.--The book are off (=no longer on) the shelves.--Our car broke down again inside a mile （不到一英里）.--She is off duty now.--The pain was past bearing （无法忍受）.--That’s outside my interests.注意：介词without作“没有”解，多半作条件状语用，也可作行为方式状语或定语。例如：--We can do nothing without energy. （条件状语）--He did the experiment without difficulty. （行为方式状语）--This will be a new-type automobile without any wheel.--instead of 作“而不是”解，可以做介词，也可以作连词。例如：--Instead of giving me an apple,she gave me a pear.--The child was walking in the street,instead of on the sidewalk （人行道），but right next to the curb （路边）. （连词）--This is dull instead of interesting. （连词）动词短语这类短语有：fall/run short (of) （缺乏），free from,keep from,keep off,lose sight of,protect from,refrain from,save from,turn a deaf ear,make light of,warn against,prevent from等。例如：--We have run short of rubber and wood again. --He falls short in a number of respects in punctuality,in courtesy,and in attention to his work.（他在守时、礼貌和专心工作等几方面都有不足之处。）--It is a day that frees from wind （无风）.--He kept the matter from everybody’s knowledge.--The antibiotics （抗生素） have protected millions of people from being killed by bacteria （细菌）.--He saved the boy from drowning （淹死）.--He turned a deaf ear to my advice.--He makes light of everything. （他把什幺都不当一回事。）--He warned me against smoking in the library.形容词短语可以用来表示否定意义的形容词短语有：far from,far cry from （与……完全不同），free from,free of,safe from,short of,independent of,absent from,devoid of （没有），ignorant of （不知道），innocent of （没有），the last等。例如：--The work is far from (being) completed.--What he said is far cry from what he did.--He is free from care （忧虑）.--The village is said to be free of thieves.--They are independent of their parents.--Some of the students were absent from class yesterday.--She seems devoid of common sense.--I was ignorant of the fact.--The windows are innocent of glass.--The last person I want to see is Jeff. （杰夫是我最不想见到的人。）--He is the last man to accept a bribe.（他决不受贿。）副词短语可以用来表示否定意义的副词短语有：apart from,away from,out of 等。例如：--He kept himself apart from other children.（他与其他孩子不合群。） --Apart from the cost,the hat doesn’t suit me.（这帽子不合适，更不说价钱贵了。）--Stay away from the fire! （不要靠近火！）--The ancient town is out of existence.介词短语用来表示否定意义的複合介词有：but for,in the dark,in default of,in defect of,at one’s end,at fault,for fear of,in ignorance of,at issue with,at a loss,in the negative,in place of,in spite，of,instead of,out of,in vain 等。例如：--But for him，we should fail.--He is still in the dark.（他仍然一无所知。）--Cooks could make artificial birds and fishes in default of real ones. （厨师在没有真禽真鱼时，可以做出假禽假鱼。）--I used artificial flowers in defect of real ones.--We are in complete ignorance of his plan. （我们根本不知道他的计画。）--We are entirely at issue with him. （我们的意见与他不和。）--I am at a loss what to do.--He answered in the negative.--We may use this substance in place of soap.--They wanted to go in spite of （儘管） rain.--They used chopsticks instead of knives and forks.（他们用筷子而不用刀叉。）--Out of sight,out of mind. (眼不见，心不烦。）--I tried in vain to get any information from her.连词短语可以用来表示否定意义的複合连词有：but that,in case that,except that,excepting that,for，fear that,or (else),rather than,save that,saving that,still less等。例如：--Who knows but that it may be so? （谁能说不会这样呢？）--He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time. （要不是他那时没有钱，他会帮助我们的。）--Keep silence,or else I shall stop speaking. （保持安静，否则我就不讲了。） --They are engaged in designing an engine rather than (in) repairing the machine. （他们从事发动机的设计工作，而不是修理那台机器。）--You should help them rather than they should help you.--This book is difficult rather than easy for me to read.（这本书我读起来并不容易，而是相当困难。）--She doesn’t like music,much less dancing.--I don’t accuse you of falsehood,still less of dishonesty.（我不会控告你的虚伪，更不会控告你的欺诈。）--He could not operate the machine,still less could he fix it. (Wang)--I know nothing about him except that he lives next door. (Zhan)--He’s working hard for fear (that) he should fail. (Oxf)--We have no news save that the ship reached port safely.注意 still less 是用于否定句之后，less是否定副词little 的比较级。所以，still less 比句子前一部分的否定更进一步的深入。much less 和even less 与still less 意思相同。使用still less 时，如果后一部分是句子时，后一部分必须倒装。使用still less 时，如果句子的前半部分没有否定词not，虽则是否定意义时，一般不用still less，而用still more 。例如：--Proof reading is uninteresting,still more so when it is one’s own work.使用still less 短语时，要否定的句子成分必须和前面的句子成分相对称，rather than短语用法也一样（如例句所示）。rather than 短语可以表示主观愿望的抉择，即“宁愿……而不……”、“不是（或不应该是）这样，而是（或应该是）那样” 。此时，句中多半有would，had等词；rather than短语还可以反映客观上的差异，即表示“与其说是……不如说是……”、“倒不如说”之意。--save that 和 saving that 作“除了”解，这是比较文气陈旧的用法，通常用except that和excepting that 。反意疑问句（Tag questions）反意疑问句从结构上看，总是有两部分：第一部分是否定结构，第二部分就用肯定结构。第一部分提出一种看法，第二部分用来质疑或者表示证实，即要求证实问句内容的真实性。前一部分总是用降调，后一部分用升调，表示怀疑的程度较大；如果说话人坚信第一部分说的是事实，第二部分只是用来强调或证实一下，这时后面的问句就用降调。也就是说，否定的倾向就强些。反意疑问句只是证实一下提问者本来心里已经有数的答覆，这类句子与其说是疑问句，不如说是陈述句。a. 陈述句的谓语为否定式的反义疑问--You won’t forget the shopping,will you?--She never/scarcely seems to care,does she?--Nobody was watching me,were they? (Leech)--He doesn’t like his job,does he? (Leech)--Your friend didn’t write you often,did he?注意：1）反意疑问句是加在陈述句后面的缩短了的yes—no问句。它的组成是功能词加代词。用什幺功能词以及功能词用什幺时态，取决于前面的动词短语。代词要重複，或回指陈述句中的主语。例如：--The boat hasn’t left,has it?2）如果用像suppose这样的动词，主语是第一人称，动词后面接that分句，就会出现以下情况，例如：--I suppose you’re not serious,are you? （不说：I suppose you’re not serious,don’t I?)3）在带used to的陈述句后面，反意疑问句中的功能动词用did 。例如：usedn’t--They used not to write to you,did they?--didn’t use4）如果反意疑问句的陈述部分含有no，none，no one，nobody,never，nothing等这样的词，其疑问尾句是一般疑问式。例如：--None of your students liked the novel,did they?--You have never been to Hangzhou,have you?--The surgeons could do nothing for the patient,could they?--There was nobody in the room,was there?5）有hardly，seldom，scarcely，barely等这样的词的陈述句，也作为否定陈述句对待，即其疑问尾句也是一般疑问式。例如：--She was hardly ten then,was she?--Mary seldom goes to the cinema,does she?--Scarcely any wine has yet arrived,has it? (Quirk)6）如果句子的主语是no one，nobody，none，anybody，anyone和neither时，用代词they作为疑问尾句的主语。例如：--Neither of them go there in time for the meeting,did they?--I don’t suppose anyone will get to like the film,will they? 但是如果句子的主语是nothing时，疑问尾句的主语则是代词it 。例如：--Nothing was said about the matter,was it?b. 否定式祈使句后的反意疑问句在否定式祈使句后的反意疑问中，必须用肯定形式will you，这使直截了当的否定变得含蓄一些了。例如：--Don’t do that,will you?--Don’t throw the book away,will you?--Don’t let’s do that,shall we?--Don’t let him do that again,will you?注意：在以let us开头的否定陈述部分开头时，后面反意疑问句用shall we 。not的位置（Position of not）在英语中，否定副词not可以出现动词（be）之后，或助动词（do）之后，或情态动词之后，以对句子的谓语进行否定；也可以出如今句子中的某个成分（主语、主语补语、宾语、定语、状语、谓语的陈述词等）之前，对名词、代语、形容词、副词、不定式、分词或主动词等进行否定；not所处的这些位置使否定句被划分为二大类：即“一般否定句” 和“特指否定句” 。下面就以这种划分阐明not的位置问题。1 Not在“一般否定句”中的位置一般来说，用否定副词not否定谓语动词，并通过否定谓语使全句受到否定的句子，叫做“一般否定句” 。Not在“一般否定句”中有以下几种位置：a. not放在联繫动词之后联繫动词有am,is,are,was,were这五种形式，not即放在这五个联繫动词之后。例如：--China of today is not what it was twenty years ago.注意：1）在疑问句中，not与特殊动词构成缩略式一起放在主语之前；或特殊动词提到主语之前，not留存主语之后。例如：--Isn’t that Teddy Thomson out?--Is that Teddy Thomson not out?不可以说：*Is not that Teddy Thomson out?2）这五个形式有时也作助动词。例如：--We are not going to do it.--Tom was not fooled by his friend.3）在 there is,there are 表示存在的句型中，not否定副词放在联繫动词（be）后面，there 在这里是引导词。not a 后面跟单数名词，not any 跟複数名词或不可数名词。例如：--There is not a moment to be lost. （分秒必争）。--There is not any water in the bottle.b. 放在助动词（do）之后，实义动词之前。如果句中只有行为动词，在构成否定式时，就需在行为动词的前面加do not (doesn’t），过去时一概用did not (didn’t）。例如： --I don’t know why Mr. Cooper is so angry today.--They did not steal so much.--She does not have his letter. （她没有收到他的信）--I did not have breakfast this morning.注意：1）have 意为“有”、“具有”时，可以直接在其后加not，也可以藉助do（does,did）构成否定式。例如：--They have not a swimming pool in their school. (英国英语)--They do not have a swimming pool in their school. （美国英语）Have意为“有”、“具有”以外的含义时，无论是美国英语还是英国英语，均藉助do（does,did），构成否定式。例如：--He didn’t have a rest after lunch.在完成时中，not放在have（has,had）之后。例如：--They have not finished the work.否定词not有时直接放于行为动词后面，而不藉助于助动词。这是一种古旧的用法，如今多用于诗歌、谚语和比较庄重的文体中。例如：--I know not why I am so sad.--He,hearing this,knew not how to behave,nor how to answer her.--We are fleet-winged men at arms; we fear not mountains or rivers deep.有些虚拟语气的从句，其谓语动词的前面，没有助动词，只有副词not 。例如：--The doctor suggested that my father not go to New York.--It is important that he not give up hope because of difficulties in his work.--It is requested that the delivery of goods not be delayed.c. 放在情态动词后。情态动词有：can,could,might,may,must,ought,need,dare,should等。例如：--She won’t object.--He wouldn’t stand that type of music.--He dare not do it.2 Not在“特指否定句” 中的位置如前所述，not位于谓语动词之前而否定谓语的就是“一般否定句” 。英语里还有一种否定句，它不是否定谓语，而是就句子中某个成份（如主语、主语补语、定语、宾语、状语、谓语内的陈述词等）进行否定，它所否定的对象可以是名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、动名词或主动词等。这类否定非谓语成分的句子，就叫“否定句” 。在“特指否定句“中，not用于否定非谓语成分主要基于这两种情况：第一是不这样安排not，就会改变句子意义；第二是用于含有对比的叙述中。not在“特指否定句”中的位置有以下几种： a. not位于主语之前。例如：--Not a soul was anywhere visible.--Not many of us wanted the war.b. not 位于主语补语之前。一般来说，not位于联繫动词之后，否定谓语动词be，属“一般否定句” 。然而有时，虽然位于联繫动词之后，却不是为了否定谓语动词，而是否定主语补语，属“特指否定句 ” 。例如：--It’s not a cat,but a dog.--His object is not to eat. （他的目的是不吃饭）c. not位于宾语之前。例如：--You must always remember not to become conceited. （自负）--I can not risk not telling him.--We felt sorry for not coming on time.--The teacher told his students not to make such a mistake again. （否定複合宾语的第二部分）注意：在I think,I believe,I feel. I suppose,I expect 等引出的宾语从句中，英语习惯将从句中的否定词not 放在主句中。这种句子形式上是否定主句谓语动词的，实际上是否定宾语从句的。例如：--I don’t think it’s right to make such a hasty decision.--I don’t believe that he will come tomorrow.--I didn’t expect you would do such a thing.d. not位于定语之前。--Not all the books are good.--Not two native speakers of English speak it alike.--Not every student can do the problem.e. not位于状语之前。例如：--I went to see him off,not to meet him.--They suffered not a little through the war.--Not knowing his address,I did not write to him.--Not surprisingly,he failed in the final exam注意：否定状语或状语从句时，往往将否定词提前移到谓语中去，其意义仍然是表示否定后面的部分。例如：--He didn’t walk across the park. (not否定across the park)--You can’t judge a thing only by its looks. (not 否定by its looks) --He didn’t leave college because he was tired of learning. (not 否定原因状语从句)--I didn’t go because I was afraid. (not否定原因状语从句）此句中，显然有两个不同的意思：第一个意思是：“我没有去因为我害怕”；第二个意思是：“我并非因为害怕而去” 。第一义，not 否定谓语动词，属“一般否定句”；第二义，not否定非谓语成分，即原因状语从句，属“特指否定句” 。此歧义可以在I didn't go 之后上标上一个表示停顿的逗号而得以消除。--I didn’t go,because I was afraid.此句中的not，否定谓语动词go 。f. 谓语内的陈述词否定。通常not否定副词位于情态动词后时，对谓语动词进行否定，属“一般否定句”；然而有时，not位于情态动词后时，却是对谓语中的主动词进行否定，属“特指否定句”，但与一般的“特指否定句”又有不同的地方，因为它的否定範围从谓语的主动词开始直至延伸到几个句子成分，并且有的句子还有不定代词any 。例如：--They may not go swimming. (=They are allowed not to go swimming.) （他们可以不去游泳。）这是一个肯定句，谓语一半否定，即否定主动词go，情态动词肯定。--You could not attend any of the lectures. (=It’s possible for you not to attend any of the lectures.)有时一个句子包含有两种否定：即“一般否定”和“谓语内陈述词否定” 。例如：--I can’t not obey the order. (= It is not possible for me not to obey the order.或I have to obey the order.)--You can’t not admire her. (=It is not possible for you not to admire her.或You have to admire her.)全部否定（Full negation）全部否定是百分之百地、毫无例外地否认一个事物的存在、成立或真实性。英语句子在表示全部否定意思时，常用以下四种形式：a. 含有“绝无”意义的否定词（如no，none等）+ 表示肯定意义的谓语这种形式；b. 用否定谓语 + 不定代词或不定副词形式；c. 肯定谓语 + 含否定意义的单词；d. all等概括词 + 肯定谓语 + 含有否定意义的单词。这四种形式来表达。a. no,none等否定词 + 肯定谓语否定词除no，none外，还有nobody，nothing，nowhere，neither，nor，nohow（绝不，毫不），nowise（一点也不）等。这些词本身就是绝对否定意义，谓语虽然是肯定形式，但整个句子仍表达否定的意义。例如：--Nobody can tolerate this. --No trickery can fool us.--Neither of the sisters is here.--The book was nowhere to be found. (Wan)b. 否定谓语 + 不定代词或不定副词not + any / anyone / anybody / anything / anywhere / either / anywise/ anyways / or / ever表示全部否定的概念。例如：--I didn’t go anywhere this morning.--I don’t like either of the novels.--Anyhow I shall not go today.--I am not taking linguistics or American literature. (Wan.)注意：不定代词通常不能在否定词的前面。例如：--Nobody can do it.不能说：Anybody cannot do it.not + half 也可表示全部否定的概念。例如：--You don’t mean half what you are saying. （你说的，根本不是你想的。）c. 肯定谓语 + 含否定意义的单词--I have answered every single question,but my opponent has answered none.--He was nowhere to be seen.--The ship was leaky and very much disabled （不能用）.--It’s utterly impossible that you will catch the bus.--On this hot day the sea was irresistible.（在这样的热天，我们无法抵御下海的欲望。）--This book is useless.注意：带否定词缀的词，也可表示全部否定的概念。有关常用的否定前缀和否定后缀可参考d. All等概括词 + 肯定谓语加上含否定意义的单词all,every,both等概括词在本句型中表示全部否定。它的否定意义不是通过谓语，而是通过句子其他成分中含有否定意义的单词表达出来。例如：--Every result was abnormal （不正常）.--Both substances are impure （不纯）.--All her fuss （大惊小怪） is unnecessary.--All his plans came to nothing.（他的一切计画都没有实现。）注意：1）此句型也可以通过谓语来表示否定意义，但是谓语动词在形式上必须是肯定式，只是靠它的词缀来表示它的否定意义。如dislike,disbelieve 。例如： --We all disbelieve in the existence of God.--We both dislike pop music.2） little和dream，expect，think等动词连用时，有完全否定的意思。例如：--Little did I dream of succeeding so well.（我做梦也未想到会有这样大的成功。）部分否定（Partial negation）部分否定是局部地或在一定程度上否定一个事物的成立、存在或真实性。在日常英语中，表示部分否定通常可以同以下四种方式表达：a. 用表示“部分”意思的some/sometimes等词加上否定词；b. 用否定词not加上表示“较大数量”或“较大程度”的many/much等词；c. 用否定词not + 表示 “整体”、“全体”意思的all/entirely等词；d. 否定词与and连线的两个并列词语连用。a. 用表示“部分”意思的some/sometimes等词 + 否定词。这种形式，可以表示部分否定的概念。例如：--Some students are not right in answering the question.--Sometimes you are not right.b. 用否定词not + many/much等词。部分否定也是对较大数量或较大程度的否定，因此可以用not + many / much / very much / some 来表示部分否定的概念。例如：--There are not many books on the shelf.--There is not much water left in the bottle.--I don’t like classic very much.--I don’t like some of his poems.c. 用否定词not + 表示“整体”、“全体”的意思的all/entirely等词部分否定是对全部肯定的否定，因此可以用not + all / every / both / always / fully / wholly / altogether / entirely / quite来表示部分否定的概念。例如：--All is not gold that glitters. （是发光的并非都是黄金。）--All the answers are not right. （答案并非全对。）--I don’t know all of them. （对于他们我不是个个都认识。）--Not all the students will be translators.--Every one cannot make music. （不是所有的人都懂音乐。）--Everybody wouldn’t like it. （并不是人人都喜欢它。） --Not everything is attractive and interesting over there.--Not everyone can play the violin.--Not every man can do it.--Both children are not clever. （两个孩子并不都是聪明的。）--I don’t like both of the novels. （这两本小说我不是都喜欢。）--Not both methods are practical.--Such a thing is not found everywhere.--A man of learning is not always a man of wisdom.--We don’t wholly agree with him.--This kind of person is never to be entirely trusted.--Joanna was not altogether satisfied with the sailor.--The new house is not quite what it should be.d. 否定词与and连线的两个并列词语连用否定词与and连线的两个并列词语连用时，有时只表示部分否定，即通常否定and后面的部分。例如：--He did not speak clearly and correctly.（他不能讲得清楚而正确。即：他讲得清楚但不正确。）--The lecture was not instructive and interesting.（讲座颇有教育意义，但不生动。）--I am sorry. But I simply cannot stay up night after night at parties and work the next morning. （对不起，我只是不能天天在晚会上熬夜，而第二天早上又得工作。）注意：1）否定词后用and连线两个并列成分时，有时会出现两种情况：要幺仅否定其中的一个并列成分（多为后者），要幺两个并列成分双双受到否定（此时and的作用与or相同），这样便会造成句子出现歧义。例如：--He doesn’t have long hair and wear jeans. （他并非既蓄长发，又穿工作裤。或：他没有蓄长发也没有穿工作裤。）不过这种歧义也可以通过上下文清除。又例如：--You cannot eat your cake and have it. （谚语：鱼和熊掌不能兼得。）只有一种含义：“事无双全” 。2）否定词与由as well as连线的两个并列结构连用时，否定词只否定as well as之前的部分，而对 as well as后面的部分却表示肯定。例如：--I shall not go as well as you. （你去，但我不去。） --Tom does not speak French as well as English. (汤姆说英语，但不说法语。）双重否定（Double negation）所谓双重否定，即句子，不仅在简单句子，也可在複合句中，同时有两个否定词，或一个否定词和一个具有否定含义的词、短语等。这种两次运用否定手段，起到了相互抵消否定意义的作用，实际上是强调的肯定。这种表达方式或为了表达委婉的语气，或为了加强整个句子的语气，同一般的肯定句相比，更加重了肯定色彩，更富有感染作用。双重否定具有下列表达形式：a. 否定词 + 否定词缀1）否定词 + 否定前缀例如：--Such things have happened not infrequently.--Nothing is unsuspected.--But it seemed no impossibility to him.--The tart （尖刻的） reply did not discomfort him.--A radar screen （萤光屏） is never unlike a television screen.2）否定词 + 否定后缀例如：--The period of waiting was not limitless.--No cigarette is completely harmless.（有关否定前缀和否定后缀可参照27.1.1）b. 否定词 + 含有否定意义的词1）否定词 + 名词例如：--No one has any doubts about his ability.2）否定词 + 动词例如：--We must never fail to act as the doctor has told us to.3）否定词 + 形容词例如：--No one can be free of faults.4）否定词 + 副词例如：--Not once did he answer otherwise. （他没有一次不是这样回答。）5）否定词 + 介词否定词 + without例如：--There is no rule without exceptions （例外）.否定词 + but (for）例如：--Some oil wells produce nothing but salt water.--But for your help,we couldn’t have finished the work in time. 否定词 + except例如：--She doesn’t do anything except looking after her baby.6）否定词 + 连词否定词 + 连词unless例如：--Do not come unless I call you. （我不叫你，你就不要来。）--He will never go there unless he is invited.否定词 + 连词until / till例如：--It was not until 1979 that I began to study English.--He didn’t go abroad till he graduated from college.c. 否定词 + 否定词1）完全否定词 + 完全否定词例如：--No one has nothing to eat.--Nobody has nothing to offer to society. （没有人不向社会贡献的。）--None of us have never made mistakes.--He is nothing if not diligent. （勤勉是他的最大的长处。）2）完全否定词 + 半否定词例如：--He took no little pain over it. （他在这事上费了很多力气。）--He is not seldom ill.--It is not rarely that they discuss the matter from all angles.--The doctor’s achievements are nothing short of a miracle. （医生的成就简直是奇蹟。）d. 否定词 + 否定句例如：--No pains,no gains.--Nothing can be wholly beautiful that is not useful. （凡是没有用的东西就没有可能达到十全十美。）--He replied that there was nothing he would not sacrifice （牺牲).含有否定词的句子 + 否定连词but的句子例如：--It never rains but it pours. （没有一次下雨不是倾盆大雨。）--I never see you but I think of my brother.含有否定词的句子 + 有否定含义的关係代词but的句子。例如： --There is no rule but has exception （例外）.--No one but can do it. （没有人不能做这件事。）--There is not a woman but doesn’t get an eye for illness.（没有一个女人对病痛没有识别力的。）--He never comes but he brings something for her.注意：1） but在下列例句中是否定副词，此时but后面只能接动词原形，即不带to的动词不定式，有时也可用cannot choose/help but但是以cannot but形式最常用。例如：--I could not but speak the truth. （我不得不说实话。）--We can not choose but read books to increase our knowledge.2） but that前面含有否定意义的doubt,question,wonder，deny等词语时，but that相当于连线词that，不再含有否定意义。例如：--There is no question but that the earth is round. （毫无疑问，地球是圆的。）--I don’t deny but that he will become an outstanding teacher. （我不否认他会成为一名出色的教师。）

英语详解 否定

英语详解否定